ABSTRACT
In this article, the statement of ethical statement about animal experiment was omitted.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The beach-chair position (BCP) results in decreases in venous return, cardiac output, and cerebral perfusion pressure. In this randomized, prospective study, we investigated whether applying thigh-high compression stockings affected the maintenance of regional cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (rSO2) in the BCP. METHODS: Patients undergoing orthopedic surgery in the BCP under general anesthesia were included and assigned randomly to the control or the compression stocking group. Appropriately sized thigh-high compression stockings were applied to the patients in the stockings group. All patients were tilted, up to 45°, throughout the operation. Non-invasive blood pressure, invasive arterial blood pressure zeroed at the external auditory meatus, and rSO2 were recorded. RESULTS: Data were analyzed from 19 patients per group. In the BCP, the values of rSO2 and blood pressure decreased significantly compared with those at baseline, with no significant difference between the groups. The incidences of cerebral desaturation events (CDEs) were similar between the groups; however, that of hypotension was significantly lower in the compression stocking group. During 36 CDEs, the levels of rSO2 and blood pressure decreased significantly compared with those at baseline in both groups. No significant correlation was found between rSO2 and blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Thigh-high compression stockings reduced the incidence of hypotension but not that of CDEs. Our results suggest that other factors, beyond hypotension itself, contribute to CDEs and in other words, efforts just to reduce the incidence of hypotension may not mainly contribute to a reduction of CDEs occurrence in the BCP under general anesthesia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anesthesia, General , Arterial Pressure , Blood Pressure , Cardiac Output , Cerebrovascular Circulation , Hypotension , Incidence , Orthopedics , Oxygen , Prospective Studies , Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared , Stockings, CompressionABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Asthma is a disease of chronic airway inflammation with heterogeneous features. Neutrophilic asthma is corticosteroid-insensitive asthma related to absence or suppression of TH2 process and increased TH1 and/or TH17 process. Macrolides are immunomodulatory drug that reduce airway inflammation, but their role in asthma is not fully known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of macrolides in neutrophilic asthma and compare their effects with those of corticosteroids. METHODS: C57BL/6 female mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Clarithromycin (CAM) and/or dexamethasone (DXM) were administered at days 14, 15, 21, 22, and 23. At day 24, the mice were sacrificed. RESULTS: Airway resistance in the OVA+LPS exposed mice was elevated but was more attenuated after treatment with CAM+DXM compared with the monotherapy group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid study, total cells and neutrophil counts in OVA+LPS mice were elevated but decreased after CAM+DXM treatment. In hematoxylin and eosin stain, the CAM+DXM-treated group showed less inflammation additively than the monotherapy group. There was less total protein, interleukin 17 (IL-17), interferon γ, and tumor necrosis factor α in the CAM+DXM group than in the monotherapy group (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, and p < 0.001). More histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) activity was recovered in the DXM and CAM+DXM challenged groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Decreased IL-17 and recovered relative HDAC2 activity correlated with airway resistance and inflammation in a neutrophilic asthma mouse model. This result suggests macrolides as a potential corticosteroid-sparing agent in neutrophilic asthma.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Mice , Adrenal Cortex Hormones , Airway Resistance , Asthma , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid , Clarithromycin , Dexamethasone , Eosine Yellowish-(YS) , Hematoxylin , Histone Deacetylase 2 , Histone Deacetylases , Inflammation , Interferons , Interleukin-17 , Lipopolysaccharides , Macrolides , Neutrophils , Ovalbumin , Th17 Cells , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alphaABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#Asthma is a disease of chronic airway inflammation with heterogeneous features. Neutrophilic asthma is corticosteroid-insensitive asthma related to absence or suppression of TH2 process and increased TH1 and/or TH17 process. Macrolides are immunomodulatory drug that reduce airway inflammation, but their role in asthma is not fully known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of macrolides in neutrophilic asthma and compare their effects with those of corticosteroids.@*METHODS@#C57BL/6 female mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Clarithromycin (CAM) and/or dexamethasone (DXM) were administered at days 14, 15, 21, 22, and 23. At day 24, the mice were sacrificed.@*RESULTS@#Airway resistance in the OVA+LPS exposed mice was elevated but was more attenuated after treatment with CAM+DXM compared with the monotherapy group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid study, total cells and neutrophil counts in OVA+LPS mice were elevated but decreased after CAM+DXM treatment. In hematoxylin and eosin stain, the CAM+DXM-treated group showed less inflammation additively than the monotherapy group. There was less total protein, interleukin 17 (IL-17), interferon γ, and tumor necrosis factor α in the CAM+DXM group than in the monotherapy group (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, and p < 0.001). More histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) activity was recovered in the DXM and CAM+DXM challenged groups than in the control group (p < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Decreased IL-17 and recovered relative HDAC2 activity correlated with airway resistance and inflammation in a neutrophilic asthma mouse model. This result suggests macrolides as a potential corticosteroid-sparing agent in neutrophilic asthma.